Document Type : Original Article
Authors
1
Departemant of law,go.c., Islamic Azad University, Gorgan, Iran.
2
Departemant of law, az.c., Islamic Azad University, Azadshahr, Iran.
3
Departemant of law. go.c., Islamic Azad University, Gonbade Kavoos, Iran.
Abstract
The concept of energy, its development and optimal application are one of the most important issues of concern to countries around the world, including its exporters and importers. Important and debatable issues such as extraction, transit and the manner and amount of energy consumption, especially carbon energies, have developed increasingly in recent years, and this issue has had important consequences for the environment in various legal, economic and even political dimensions. For this reason, today, almost all countries in the world have made extensive considerations for the issue of environment in their energy contracts. The aim of the present study is to analyze the pathology of environmental protection in oil contracts in some oil-producing countries. The main question of the study is: "What are the most important damages in oil contracts with an emphasis on environmental protection?" The findings of the research, using a descriptive-analytical method and using library and documentary resources, showed: 1. Oil operations have negative effects on the environment from the beginning of exploration to the end of exploitation; 2. Oil contracts initially did not pay attention to environmental issues, but in subsequent years, conditions for environmental protection were included in these contracts, which were more financial than environmental protection; 3. At the beginning of oil contracts, environmental protection was not considered and this issue was considered solely one of the contractor's obligations. The results of the research showed that one of the most important factors that will protect the environment is the assessment of environmental impacts, and it includes items such as environmental liability insurance, obtaining permits, product and process standards, post-field actions, interim orders, continuous improvement of environmental protection, incentive regulations, and performance guarantees for the contractor's obligations.
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